
SIMPROS is a simple hypertextual database that provides a list of proteins that have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations in non-aqueous solvents. Continue reading

SIMPROS is a simple hypertextual database that provides a list of proteins that have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations in non-aqueous solvents. Continue reading
Il gioco Life fu inventato negli anni ’70 dal prolifico matematico John H. Conway (vedi [5] per la sua biografia) ed è diventato famoso dopo la pubblicazione di Martin Gardner nella sua rubrica di matematica amatoriale sulla rivista Scientific American [1,2]. Il gioco è basato sugli automi cellulari concepiti da Konrad Zuse e Stanislaw M. Ulam all’inizio degli anni ’50, e poi adottati da John von Neumann per il suo studio sugli automi auto-replicanti [2,3]. Un automa cellulare è composto da unità (celle) interagenti disposte in una griglia quadrata. Il sistema si evolve in cicli di vita in cui ogni cella cambia stato e nuove celle possono nascere e altre possono sopravvivere o, eventualmente, morire. Lo stato di ogni cella nel ciclo successivo è definito dall’interazione con le celle adiacenti in base a delle regole. L’interazione avviene con i primi vicini di ciascuna cella. Come mostrato nella Figura 1, è possibile utilizzare due tipi di intorni (cerchi) della cella centrale. Il gioco Life usa il tipo di proposto da Moore.
Le cariche parziali da usare nel campo di forze si ottengono generalmente da calcoli quantomeccanici. Nel caso di molecole rigide, il calcolo delle cariche è abbastanza semplice. Nel caso di molecole flessibili, occorre valutare quanto le diverse conformazioni influenzano la distribuzione di carica e, quindi, stimare la carica parziale come media pesata tra i vari conformeri. Il calcolo QM fornisce le cosidette cariche di Mulliken. Questo tipo di cariche possono portare ad una elevata inaccuratezza nel riprodurre proprietà chimico-fisiche di piccole molecole. Per evitare questo inconveniente sono state introdotte varie procedure per ottenere delle cariche parziali che tengano conto della diversa capacitá dei singoli atomi di accomodare una diversa distribuzione di carica. Queste procedure vanno sotto il nome di metodi di Electrostatic potential fitting tra cui i più usati solo il RESP e il CHELPG. Vediamo come questi metodi funzionano.
Continue readingThen from these forces, by other propositions which are also mathematical, I deduce the motions of the planets, the comets, the moon, and the sea. I wish we could derive the rest of the phenomena of Nature by the same kind of reasoning from mechanical principles, for I am induced by many reasons to suspect that they may all depend upon certain forces by which the particles of bodies, by some causes hitherto unknown, are either mutually impelled towards one another, and cohere in regular figures, or are repelled and recede from one another.
Isaac Newton. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. London, 1686.
Isaac Newton. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. London, 1686.
The game of Life was invented in the ’70 by the prolific mathematician John H. Conway (on the 11/4/2020 sadly J.H. Conway passed away at the age of 82 after having contracted the COVID-19, see [5] for his biography). The game becomes popular after Martin Gardner described it in his famous column in the Scientific American magazine [1,2]. The game is based on cellular automata conceived by Konrad Zuse and Stanislaw M. Ulam at beginning of the ’50 and then adopted by John von Neumann for his study on self-replicating automata [2,3]. A cellular automaton is composed of interacting units (cells) arranged in a square grid. The system evolves in life cycles where each cell change status and new cells can be born, and others can survive or eventually die. The status of each cell in the next cycle is defined by the interaction with their neighbor cells according to a given set of rules. The interaction occurs with the first neighbors of each cell. As shown in Figure 1, two type of neighbor’s cells (circles) can be used, the game of Life uses the Moore type neighborhood.
Continue readingAt quite uncertain times and places,
The atoms left their heavenly path,
And by fortuitous embraces,
Engendered all that being hath.
And though they seem to cling together,
And form ‘associations’ here,
Yet, soon or late, they burst their tether,
And through the depths of space career.
James Clerk MaxwellFrom ‘Molecular Evolution’, Nature, 8, 1873. In Lewis Campbell and William Garnett, The Life of James Clerk Maxwell (1882), 637.
Molecular forces are originated by the interactions of the electronic clouds of the atoms in the molecular systems. A full treatment of these interactions also accounting for the dynamics of the nuclei requires the solution of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation (the top of the modeling pyramid). This approach would provide a more accurate physical representation of the behavior of the systems in time. However, as pointed before, nowadays this approach is impracticable due to the enormous amount of computer resources need to accomplish this task even for relatively small peptides in water systems. The solution to this impasse is the application of the so-called lex parsimoniae or Ockham’s razor, a powerful approach in problem-solving to get rid of the redundant complexity. In this case, the law of parsimony suggests changing the level of scale and account of the hidden degree of freedom using an effective or mean field potential.
Continue readingAfter a long pause, the adventure in the PERL programming language series continues with another example of biophysics and molecular biology science application.This time, we are going to make a program to model the effect of the temperature on DNA stability in solution.
The effect of temperature DNA structure integrity plays an important role in molecular biology applications. For example, the DNA amplification method based on polymerase (the PCR method) is based on a series of temperature cycles to separate the two strand of DNA to replicate. DNA primers are used to initiate the process and the knowledge of their melting temperature (Tm) play an important role in optimizing the DNA amplification process.
The first attempts to create a model of DNA thermodynamics date back to the beginnings of 1960. Studies pionered by the groups of Zimm [1] and Tinoco [2], have shown that the relative stability of a double-stranded DNA molecule depends primarily on the nature of the nearest-neighbor bases along the sequence. This finding brought to the formulation of a simple mathematical model (called the nearest-neighbor (NN) model) to predict relative stabilities of double stranded DNA according to the nucleotide sequence [see Cantor]. Subseguently, the NN model was further improved by the contribution of several research groups. In particular, Santalucia and co-workers. proposed a set of parameters for the NN model that provides an excellent prediction of the thermodynamic properties of short DNA homo oligonucleotides and are commonly used to calculate the stability of DNA primers used for PCR applications.
In this third article on PERL programming, I will give some indication on how to implement a simple version of the NN model. To make more fancy the programming task, we are also going to provide the program with a simple Graphical user interface using PERL/Tk.
Continue readingItalia anno 1989, era l’era del Commodore Amiga con la sua demo di BOING, la pallina bianca e rossa che rimbalzando ha conquistato il cuore di milioni di giovani che hanno vissuto la rivoluzionaria invenzione del personal computer.
Continue readingQuesto blog contiene un estratto del capitolo introduttivo sulla spettroscopia XANES della mia tesi di laurea che discussi 25 anni fa, per cui gli argomenti non sono molto aggiornati anche se il contenuto riportato è di carattere generale.
Fino agli inizi del 1970 c’è stata una netta distinzione tra le tecniche di spettroscopia di assorbimento e quelle di diffrazione dei raggi X. La diffrazione era tradizionalmente considerata lo strumento più importante per la determinazione della struttura atomica di un composto, mentre l’assorbimento e l’emissione di raggi X erano usati per comprenderne la struttura elettronica. Continue reading