Easter 2025: Exploring Egg-Shaped Billiards

It has become a recurrent habit for me to write a blog on the shape of eggs to wish you a Happy Easter. Not repeating oneself and finding a new interesting topic is a brainstorming exercise of lateral thinking and a systematic search in literature to find an interesting connection. This year, I wanted to explore an idea that has been lurching in my mind for some time for other reasons: billiards.

I used to play snooker from time to time with some old friends. I am a far cry from being even an amateur in the billiard games, but I had a lot of fun verifying the laws of mechanics on a green table. I soon discovered that studying the dynamics of bouncing collision of an ideal cue ball in billiards of different shapes keeps brilliant mathematicians and physicists engaged in recreational academic studies and important theoretical implications.

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Look at the Rainbow in a Soap Film: An Instructable Project

My heart leaps up when I behold 
   A rainbow in the sky:
So was it when my life began; 
So is it now I am a man; 
So be it when I shall grow old, 
   Or let me die!
The Child is father of the Man;
And I could wish my days to be
Bound each to each by natural piety.

William Wordsworth, March 26, 1802


I couldn’t resist citing the beautiful poetry by Wordsworth about the rainbow to introduce my new Instructable, ‘Explore the Physics of Soap Films with the SoapFilmScope.’ I got the idea for this project by reading an article by Gaulon et al. [1]. The authors describe in detail the use of soap film as an educational aid to explore interesting effects in the fluid dynamics of this system. In particular, they examine the impact of acoustic waves on the unique optical properties of the film. In this Instructable, we have designed a device called the SoapFilmScope to perform these experiments. This tutorial will guide you through the process of creating this device, showcasing the mesmerizing interaction between sound waves and liquid membranes. The SoapFilmScope offers an engaging way to explore the physics of acoustics, light interference, and fluid dynamics.

When a sound wave travels through the tube and vibrates the soap film, it creates dynamic patterns through several fascinating mechanisms:

The device consists of a vertical soap film delicately suspended at the end of a tube obtained from a PVC T-shaped fitting that you can get from any DIY store. By attaching a small inexpensive speaker to it, you can let the film dance to the rhythm of the music.

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Exploring Photoelasticity of Plastic Materials with the MLT

In the recent Instructable project Introducing the Mini LED Table: Compact, Affordable, and Enhanced With Computer Vision, we presented an inexpensive, compact, and easy-to-build Mini LED Table (MLT) that is a simple and cost-effective project for a STEM activity and a tool for educational purposes. Among other applications, The device can open doors for students and educators to explore the fascinating world of material science and engineering by providing an affordable and compact solution.

In a new project on the Instructables website, I have extended the capability of the MLT by adding a device that uses polarizer filters in front of the Picamera, which will provide the capability to visualize the internal stress distribution within transparent materials. These stress patterns due to the birefringence of some materials are paramount for engineering analysis. They are significant in determining various substances’ mechanical behavior and structural integrity. 

To address this possible application, we will explain how to add a polarizer to the MLT, which is already equipped with computer vision capabilities. In short, the accessory consists in adding a removable polarizer filter onto the Mini LED Table and incorporating another polarizer near the Picamera mounted on a rotatable 3D support enabling the visualization and analysis of colorful stress patterns that arise in transparent plastic and other materials exhibiting photoelastic effects.

By harnessing the capabilities of MLT, polarized light, and computer vision integration, we want to provide educators and students with a powerful tool for visualizing and understanding the intricate stress patterns present in transparent plastics and other photoelastic materials.

Before delving into the details of the project, let us provide a brief overview of photoelasticity and its significance in engineering. Photoelasticity is a powerful technique used to analyze the stress distribution in materials. It is based on the principle that the refractive index of a photoelastic material changes with applied stress. By passing polarized light through a stressed material and analyzing the resulting fringe patterns, engineers can gain valuable insights into the stress distribution and behavior of the material under various loading conditions.

Photoelasticity finds extensive applications in engineering. It aids in designing and analyzing components subjected to complex stress states, such as structural components, machine parts, and even optical devices. By visualizing stress concentrations, engineers can optimize designs, identify potential failure points, and enhance various systems’ overall reliability and performance. Additionally, photoelasticity plays a crucial role in material testing, prototype validation, and quality control processes, enabling engineers to ensure the integrity and safety of critical components.

Unveiling Stardust on Your Rooftop: a Magnetic Microparticle Sorter and Spotter

With the help of my lovely assistant, we have just published on Instructables another STEM project. This time, it was inspired by the reading of the classic Comets by Carl Sagan and the upcoming period of significant meteor shower events of the year:

  1. Perseids: The Perseids is one of the most popular and reliable meteor showers, occurring annually in mid-August. It is associated with the comet Swift-Tuttle and gets its name from the constellation Perseus, from where the meteors appear to radiate. The Perseids are known for their fast and bright meteors, often leaving long-lasting trails in the sky. They are visible from both hemispheres, but the best viewing opportunities are typically in the northern hemisphere. During its peak, the Perseids can produce up to 60 to 100 meteors per hour.
  2. Geminids: The Geminids meteor shower takes place every December and is considered one of the most reliable and prolific meteor showers of the year. The Geminids are associated with the asteroid 3200 Phaethon and appear to radiate from the constellation Gemini, hence their name. Unlike many other meteor showers, the Geminids can be observed from both the northern and southern hemispheres. They are known for producing bright, colorful meteors and can reach a peak rate of 120 to 160 meteors per hour, making them a spectacular astronomical event.
  3. Quadrantids: The Quadrantids meteor shower occurs annually in early January and is known for its brief but intense display of meteors. The radiant point of the Quadrantids lies in the defunct constellation Quadrans Muralis, which is no longer recognized as a constellation. However, the meteors can be seen anywhere in the sky. The Quadrantids are associated with the asteroid 2003 EH1, which is believed to be an extinct comet. The peak of the Quadrantids is relatively short, usually lasting only a few hours, but it can produce a high meteor rate of around 60 to 200 meteors per hour.

Who won’t be thrilled by capturing a piece of outer space right in your hands? However, you might think, “But I don’t have the necessary equipment!” Fear not, as luck would have it, you’ve stumbled upon this instructable that will guide you in creating your own Micrometeorite Separator and Spotter (MSS).

Sure, it’s true that if a magnificent carbonaceous chondrite were to gracefully land right in front of your doorstep, you wouldn’t need any equipment. However, chances are high that tiny fragments of meteorites, resembling specks of falling stars, are scattered on your rooftop, waiting to be discovered. Countless websites and YouTube videos share fascinating tales of those who have embarked on this labor of love, showcasing the patience and dedication required to uncover these elusive cosmic treasures. The meteorites you’re after are microscopic, so your search will focus on distinguishing them from the terrestrial dust and debris that pervade our surroundings.

Fortunately, a small and mighty Neodymium magnet proves invaluable in this pursuit, especially for isolating metallic meteorites. Yet, be prepared for a challenging quest, as finding these little celestial gems is no easy task. However, the rewards of discovering even a single meteorite are genuinely remarkable.

We have recently published an Instructable project presenting a simple yet effective device to aid you in your meteorite discovery journey. This device remains compact and portable that can be used with a digital microscope or fitted under a stereomicroscope and the wonders they reveal.

So, get ready to embark on an extraordinary adventure and immerse yourself in the captivating world of meteorite hunting. With the Micrometeorite Separator and Spotter (MSS) at your disposal, you’ll be equipped to explore the heavens and unveil the hidden secrets within the depths of our vast universe.

Happy hunting, and do not forget to like this post and the Instructable !

Introducing the Mini LED Table: Compact, Affordable, and Enhanced With Computer Vision

How many times have you found yourself looking at your cake decorations, wondering how many pearls are left in the box? Have you ever tried to count how many mustard, basil or pepper plants you can grow with the seeds you have in stock? And what about the urge to know the exact number of millimeter stainless steel balls you recently purchased at your favorite DIY store?
For this purpose, some scrap cardboard, a strip of LEDs, and a Raspberry Pi Zero with its tiny chamber might help satisfy your mathematical desire to enumerate these tiny objects.
In a recent article on Instructables, we detailed the eye-opening experience with all the construction details of a compact, battery-powered, easy-to-use, and affordable mini LED table (MTL). In addition to the hardware, an open source software based on OpenCv is also strengthened for the acquisition and simple processing of the images of the objects on the MTL for possible applications.

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Il Mini Tavolo LED: Illumina l’Universo dei Dettagli Nascosti!

Quante volte ti sei trovato a guardare le tue decorazioni per i dolci, chiedendoti quante perle rimangono nella scatola? Hai mai provato a contare quante piante di senape, basilico o pepe puoi coltivare con i semi che hai in magazzino? E cosa dire dell’urgenza di conoscere il numero esatto delle sfere in acciaio inossidabile da un millimetro che hai recentemente acquistato nel tuo negozio di fai-da-te preferito?
Per questo scopo, un po’ di cartone di recupero, una striscia di LED e un Raspberry Pi Zero con la sua piccola camera potrebbero aiutare a soddisfare il tuo desiderio matematico di enumerare questi oggetti minuscoli.
In un recente articolo su Instructables, abbiamo descritto l’ illuminante esperienza con tutti i dettagli costruttivi di un mini tavolo LED (MTL) compatto, alimentato a batteria, facile da usare e conveniente. Oltre all’hardware viene fortito anche un software opensource basato su OpenCv per l’acquisizione e la semplice elaborazione delle immagini degli oggetti sul MTL per possibili applicazioni.

Caratteristiche principali del progetto:

  • Un tavolo a LED compatto, portatile ed economico realizzato con un foglio di cartone di imballaggio e una striscia di LED bianchi.
  • Può essere alimentato alimentato da una batteria elettrica e ha un dimmer per regolare l’intensità della luce.
  • È dotato di una camera Raspberry Pi per acquisire le immagini (con la distanza focale modificata per mettere a fuoco oggetti vicini).
  • Il software in Python fornito come OpenSource consente di controllare la camera e di elaborare le immagini per contare gli oggetti sul tavolo.

L’articolo originale (in inglese) del MTL si trova sul mio sito Instructables.

L’articolo contiene le istruzioni dettagliate e i file STL per la stampa 3D dei componenti necessari. Il progetto è stato realizzato in collaborazione con i miei due cari collaboratori, in particolare Leonardo. È un progetto semplice e accessibile che può essere utilizzato anche a scopo educativo per imparare concetti di costruzione, elettronica, ottica e programmazione.

Tre Nuovi Progetti per l’Automatizzazione della Microscopia Ottica Amatoriale e Didattica

Ho recentemente pubblicato nel mio sito su AUTODESK INSTRUCTABLES tre progetti per la microscopia ottica amatoriale e didattica. Sono nati come progetti didattici (STEM) ma possano essere anche utili per applicazioni amatoriali scientifiche. Mio figlio Leonardo (ma anche il resto della famiglia), mi ha aiutato nella creazione della documentazione per questi progetti. In questo articolo riassumo brevemente in italiano la natura edei tre progetti. Le istruzioni dettagliate in inglese per la realizzazione dei progetti possono essere lette sul sito Instructables seguendo i links.

Il Roto-Microscopio

Questo progetto mira a sviluppare un dispositivo che integrato con un microscopio USB economico consenta di scattare foto 3D di piccoli campioni. Il progetto nasce come un’attività educativa di tipo STEM per creare Arduino, la ricostruzione di immagini 3D e la stampa 3D un’attrezzatura utile per alcune entusiasmanti attività scientifiche. Come il mio progetto precedente, è anche l’occasione per condividere attività coinvolgenti ed educative con la mia famiglia e in particolare con mio figli Leonardo che mi ha aiutato a creare questa documentazione e a valutare il dispositivo nel ruolo di un entusiast studente. In questa occasione, anche la mia adorabile moglie ci ha aiutato a realizzare il video dell’assemblaggio dell’attrezzatura.
Il roto-microscopio consente di controllare la posizione di un semplice microscopio USB attorno al campione. Questo ci permette di scattare foto accurate da diverse angolazioni e non solo dall’alto lungo la verticale come nei tradizionali microscopi ma anche da direzioni diverse. Questa non è un’idea nuova, poiché esistono microscopi professionali che operano allo stesso modo. Tuttavia, la realizzazione di dispositivo richiede una spesa modesta alla portata di uno studente garantisce molto divertimento nel costruirlo e produce risultati di buona qualità.

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ROMIO: a Remotely-Operated MIcrOscope

By love, that first did prompt me to enquire;
He lent me counsel, and I lent him eyes. 

William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet. Act II.

Another STEM project is avaialbel here on my AUTODESK Instructable site. We could not help but continue to explore our favourite hobby: microscopy. The interest received in our previous microscopy-related projects has encouraged us to propose other ideas and designs based on further elaborations of both the ROTAMI and the roto-microscope projects. For the latter, Arduino was the microcontroller of choice. In this new device, we decided to take a step further to venture into the use of the fabulous Raspberry PI computer. The results paid back all the e orts; the new ROMIO (I hope Shakespeare’s lover will forgive us for using the illustrious name assonance!) is an XY mobile platform for USB digital microscopes controlled remotely by a RaspPI zero 2 W. In addition to the translation movements, it is possible to adjust the focus of the digital microscope with an additional servo motor. We have developed a simple Python program (called RasPyliet) to control the microscope and automatically collect a series of images for stitching reconstruction.

Moreover, using an additional RaspCamera, you can monitor the device’s correct functioning. The project requires a 3D printer, an inexpensive USB microscope and a Raspberry PI zero W (or higher models) version 2. The project could be used as a STEM project or and affordable replacement for more expensive school equipment for biology projects.

The story of ROMIO and RasPyiet did not end up in a tragedy, but as with every prototype, it still has some known problems and limitations, and there is space for improvement. So we hope you like it, and constructive comments and suggestions are always welcome!

The ROTAforMI: a RObotic TAble for Microscopy

I have recently published another STEM oriented robotic project. It is the ROTAforMI device, a versatile robotic device for controlling the position and orientation of a microscope slide using four degrees of freedom. This prototype is a complementary development of the idea behind the Roto-microscope project. It was inspired by related projects of servo motors-controlled micromanipulators and 3D micro scanners.

The device is entirely 3D printed and is actioned by four small servos controlled by one Arduino Nano microcontroller. The device can be controlled manually using two micro joysticks (and possibly also automatically via a programmed sequence of movements). In addition, a Bluetooth remote can take snapshots with a smartphone’s camera.

The device is made modular to use for different purposes. For example, removing the Y-stage should be sufficient to fit it under a stereomicroscope. Although the electronic interface is quite bulky, the device is simple to assemble and use, and the controlling program is still in its early stages. The ultimate goal is to use it for automatic photo stacking or 3D image reconstruction. Still, we are sure there are other possible applications in which small motion in 3D dimensions and a rotation of the observation stage can be helpful.

This is a prototype, and there is a lot of space for improvements. So we hope you like it, and constructive comments and suggestions are always welcome!

If you want trying to build one, please follow to the link given above.

Easter 2022: Modelling and Designing of Birds Eggs for 3D Printing

A box without hinges, key, or lid,
Yet golden treasure inside is hid.

JRR Tolkien, The Hobbit

Easter 2022 is at the door and the occasion for the traditional appointment to talk about eggs and their mathematical shapes. This year with the help of my sons, we have created the following Instructable for STEM education:

https://www.instructables.com/Modelling-and-Designing-of-Bird-Eggs-for-3D-Printi/

The project aims to show how to use a simple mathematical model to generate the 3D form of real bird eggs utilizing several parameters. The 3D egg models can be saved as an STL file and then printed using a 3D printer. The printed egg can be painted or modified with a CAD program to add functionalities for egg-based gadgets or toys. An example of a modification to create a LED decorated egg is explained in detail.

More recently for fun, I have published another one using the same approach:

https://www.instructables.com/The-Eggyrint/

The egg modelling topic has been covered in previous article, and the interested reader can complement the information in the Instructable with other information provided in the following articles:

https://wordpress.com/post/daniloroccatano.blog/3792

https://wordpress.com/post/daniloroccatano.blog/5171

https://wordpress.com/post/daniloroccatano.blog/6760

The Instructable gives the possibility to 3D print and modifies the 3D shape of bird eggs. It can be used for research, teaching and fun. I hope you will enjoy it, and constructive comments and suggestions are always welcome!

AUGURO A TUTTI I LETTORI UNA BUONA PASQUA E PACE IN TERRA

WÜNSCHT ALLEN LESERN FROHE OSTERN UND FRIEDEN AUF ERDEN

I WISH TO READER A HAPPY EASTER AND PEACE ON EARTH