Unveiling Stardust on Your Rooftop: a Magnetic Microparticle Sorter and Spotter

With the help of my lovely assistant, we have just published on Instructables another STEM project. This time, it was inspired by the reading of the classic Comets by Carl Sagan and the upcoming period of significant meteor shower events of the year:

  1. Perseids: The Perseids is one of the most popular and reliable meteor showers, occurring annually in mid-August. It is associated with the comet Swift-Tuttle and gets its name from the constellation Perseus, from where the meteors appear to radiate. The Perseids are known for their fast and bright meteors, often leaving long-lasting trails in the sky. They are visible from both hemispheres, but the best viewing opportunities are typically in the northern hemisphere. During its peak, the Perseids can produce up to 60 to 100 meteors per hour.
  2. Geminids: The Geminids meteor shower takes place every December and is considered one of the most reliable and prolific meteor showers of the year. The Geminids are associated with the asteroid 3200 Phaethon and appear to radiate from the constellation Gemini, hence their name. Unlike many other meteor showers, the Geminids can be observed from both the northern and southern hemispheres. They are known for producing bright, colorful meteors and can reach a peak rate of 120 to 160 meteors per hour, making them a spectacular astronomical event.
  3. Quadrantids: The Quadrantids meteor shower occurs annually in early January and is known for its brief but intense display of meteors. The radiant point of the Quadrantids lies in the defunct constellation Quadrans Muralis, which is no longer recognized as a constellation. However, the meteors can be seen anywhere in the sky. The Quadrantids are associated with the asteroid 2003 EH1, which is believed to be an extinct comet. The peak of the Quadrantids is relatively short, usually lasting only a few hours, but it can produce a high meteor rate of around 60 to 200 meteors per hour.

Who won’t be thrilled by capturing a piece of outer space right in your hands? However, you might think, “But I don’t have the necessary equipment!” Fear not, as luck would have it, you’ve stumbled upon this instructable that will guide you in creating your own Micrometeorite Separator and Spotter (MSS).

Sure, it’s true that if a magnificent carbonaceous chondrite were to gracefully land right in front of your doorstep, you wouldn’t need any equipment. However, chances are high that tiny fragments of meteorites, resembling specks of falling stars, are scattered on your rooftop, waiting to be discovered. Countless websites and YouTube videos share fascinating tales of those who have embarked on this labor of love, showcasing the patience and dedication required to uncover these elusive cosmic treasures. The meteorites you’re after are microscopic, so your search will focus on distinguishing them from the terrestrial dust and debris that pervade our surroundings.

Fortunately, a small and mighty Neodymium magnet proves invaluable in this pursuit, especially for isolating metallic meteorites. Yet, be prepared for a challenging quest, as finding these little celestial gems is no easy task. However, the rewards of discovering even a single meteorite are genuinely remarkable.

We have recently published an Instructable project presenting a simple yet effective device to aid you in your meteorite discovery journey. This device remains compact and portable that can be used with a digital microscope or fitted under a stereomicroscope and the wonders they reveal.

So, get ready to embark on an extraordinary adventure and immerse yourself in the captivating world of meteorite hunting. With the Micrometeorite Separator and Spotter (MSS) at your disposal, you’ll be equipped to explore the heavens and unveil the hidden secrets within the depths of our vast universe.

Happy hunting, and do not forget to like this post and the Instructable !

Introducing the Mini LED Table: Compact, Affordable, and Enhanced With Computer Vision

How many times have you found yourself looking at your cake decorations, wondering how many pearls are left in the box? Have you ever tried to count how many mustard, basil or pepper plants you can grow with the seeds you have in stock? And what about the urge to know the exact number of millimeter stainless steel balls you recently purchased at your favorite DIY store?
For this purpose, some scrap cardboard, a strip of LEDs, and a Raspberry Pi Zero with its tiny chamber might help satisfy your mathematical desire to enumerate these tiny objects.
In a recent article on Instructables, we detailed the eye-opening experience with all the construction details of a compact, battery-powered, easy-to-use, and affordable mini LED table (MTL). In addition to the hardware, an open source software based on OpenCv is also strengthened for the acquisition and simple processing of the images of the objects on the MTL for possible applications.

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Il Mini Tavolo LED: Illumina l’Universo dei Dettagli Nascosti!

Quante volte ti sei trovato a guardare le tue decorazioni per i dolci, chiedendoti quante perle rimangono nella scatola? Hai mai provato a contare quante piante di senape, basilico o pepe puoi coltivare con i semi che hai in magazzino? E cosa dire dell’urgenza di conoscere il numero esatto delle sfere in acciaio inossidabile da un millimetro che hai recentemente acquistato nel tuo negozio di fai-da-te preferito?
Per questo scopo, un po’ di cartone di recupero, una striscia di LED e un Raspberry Pi Zero con la sua piccola camera potrebbero aiutare a soddisfare il tuo desiderio matematico di enumerare questi oggetti minuscoli.
In un recente articolo su Instructables, abbiamo descritto l’ illuminante esperienza con tutti i dettagli costruttivi di un mini tavolo LED (MTL) compatto, alimentato a batteria, facile da usare e conveniente. Oltre all’hardware viene fortito anche un software opensource basato su OpenCv per l’acquisizione e la semplice elaborazione delle immagini degli oggetti sul MTL per possibili applicazioni.

Caratteristiche principali del progetto:

  • Un tavolo a LED compatto, portatile ed economico realizzato con un foglio di cartone di imballaggio e una striscia di LED bianchi.
  • Può essere alimentato alimentato da una batteria elettrica e ha un dimmer per regolare l’intensità della luce.
  • È dotato di una camera Raspberry Pi per acquisire le immagini (con la distanza focale modificata per mettere a fuoco oggetti vicini).
  • Il software in Python fornito come OpenSource consente di controllare la camera e di elaborare le immagini per contare gli oggetti sul tavolo.

L’articolo originale (in inglese) del MTL si trova sul mio sito Instructables.

L’articolo contiene le istruzioni dettagliate e i file STL per la stampa 3D dei componenti necessari. Il progetto è stato realizzato in collaborazione con i miei due cari collaboratori, in particolare Leonardo. È un progetto semplice e accessibile che può essere utilizzato anche a scopo educativo per imparare concetti di costruzione, elettronica, ottica e programmazione.

Introduzione alla programmazione in Python (III)

Puntate precedenti:

  1. Introduzione alla programmazione in Python (I)
  2. Introduzione alla programmazione in Python (II)

Siamo giunti alla terza parte di questa serie dove vedremo come usare le istruzion condizionali per il controllo del flusso del programma.

DIAGRAMMI DI FLUSSO

Per una descrizione più semplice e intuitiva dei commandi per il controllo del programma, verranno utilizzati diagrammi di flusso. Un diagramma di flusso è un tipo di diagramma (grafico o simbolico) che rappresenta un algoritmo o un processo. Ogni passo nel processo è rappresentato da un simbolo diverso e contiene una breve descrizione del passo del processo. I simboli del diagramma di flusso sono collegati tra loro con frecce che mostrano la direzione del flusso del processo. Un diagramma di flusso mostra tipicamente il flusso dei dati in un processo, dettagliando le operazioni/passi in un formato pittorico che è più facile da capire rispetto alla lettura di un formato testuale.

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Retro programming Nostalgia IV: Acid/Base Equilibrium and Titration (Part I)

The motivation for this article stems from my interest in retro-computing connected, on the one hand, to the re-evaluation of my youthful explorations of scientific computing in the BASIC language and, on the other, to the popularity they are having in the amateur sector in recent years and of teaching, single-board microcomputers (single-board computers, such as, for example, the Raspberry Pi). These small computers have considerably more power at a much lower cost than the microcomputers of the 80s. This made it possible to emulate the operating systems of the legendary Commodore home computer models and the MSX extension on these computers.

Therefore, a renewed interest in the BASIC programming language is also occurring. This interest in retro-computing reflects the nostalgia for the great emotions that the development of consumer information technology brought to my generation in the 1970s and 1980s. I remember being so struck by the creativity in using and programming these microcomputers that it redirected my scientific interests and academic career. I have written in other articles about my first programming adventures with Commodore home computers and MSX systems in the late 80s and early 90s and my rediscoveries in computer archaeology. Among the exhibits, I found a small program I used to study acid/base titrations developed in MSX BASIC. Therefore, I took the opportunity to write notes on acid-base balance and titration and thus provide a restored and improved version of my program to students passionate about programming and grappling with this important concept of analytical chemistry.

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Easter 2023: Superquadric and Squared-Eggs

First there was the Great Cosmic Egg.

Huai-nan Tzu, China 100 BCE 

Another Easter is arriving, and here I am for a new article on old friends: the Eggs. In my blog for Easter 2021, I mentioned squared eggs paraphrasing a sentence attributed to the extraordinary jeweler Peter Carl Fabergé:” This year, your Highness, we will be featuring square eggs.” A hen is unlikely to make a cubic-shaped egg, but we can still transform a cooked egg to get the cuboid shape. If you look for squared eggs on the internet, you will find a tool called the egg cuber that does the magic. Unfortunately, I could not yet try one, but it seems to be doing an excellent job from the reviews. The shape of the egg is not a perfect cube but a cuboid, namely a cube with rounded corners. In my previous article, I anticipated that this shape could be obtained using the superquadric function. Curiouser and curiouser! In this article, I will give a bit of mathematical background and even a source code to play with such a function as my Easter Bunny gift.

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FORTRAN Programming (PART III): NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION

In the fall of 1972 President Nixon announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing. This was the first time a sitting president used the third derivative to advance his case for reelection.

Hugo Rossi. Mathematics Is an Edifice, Not a Toolbox, Notices of the AMS, v. 43, no. 10, October 1996.

Welcome to the third part is the third part of the essential introduction to the FORTRAN programming series. In this part, we will introduce the use of functions and subroutines to structure the programs. Then we use them to make a program to calculate numerical derivatives of mathematical functions.

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Study of the Absorption of Covid19 Spike RBD on Silica Nanosurface

Silica is an essential component of many everyday materials. We use silica in containers, appliances, and electronic devices such as smartphones, computers, and tablet screens. These surfaces come into frequent contact with our skin, providing ample opportunities for pathogens, viruses, and microbes to accumulate. Therefore, it is crucial to study the adsorption mechanisms of these microorganisms on silica surfaces.

In collaboration with experimental groups at the University of Lincoln, the University of Greenwich, and Diamond Light Source, we investigate the adsorption mechanisms of isolated RBD regions of the COVID-19 spikes on silica nanoparticles. Our study proposes a simple geometrical model for packing protein particles on spherical silica nanoparticles, which aligns well with the available experimental data. This model revealed a surface occupancy of 32% relative to the maximum theoretical RBD packing, indicating significant adsorption.

My computational contribution to this study involved using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the binding modes and orientations of the protein adsorbed on a model silica surface. The model consisted of a flat patch of silica surface, which serves as a good approximation of the nanoparticle surface used in the experimental part of this study, given their size. Our findings showed that up to 25% of the RBD’s secondary structures underwent conformational changes as a result of adsorption onto silica nanoparticles.

These insights enhance our understanding of the principles governing protein-surface interactions and can contribute to strategies for controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through contaminated objects.


MD simulations of RBD-silica interaction. (A) Representation of the RBD adsorbed on silica in a representative configuration at the end point of simulation 1. The rectangle highlights the area of contact detailed in panel B. (B) Detailed representation of three residues in close contact with silica: arginine 346 (R346), lysine 356 (K356) and glutamic acid 340 (E340) from left to right. The distances
between hydrogen and oxygen atoms at the interface are indicated and are compatible with the hydrogen bonds length.

REFERENCE

Soloviev, M., Siligardi, G., Roccatano, D. and Ferrari, E., 2022. Modelling the adsorption of proteins to nanoparticles at the solid-liquid interface. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 605, pp.286-295.

Numeric Solutions of the Schrödinger equation

For Schrödinger, the atom was an oscillating system — like the string of a musical instrument — for which there exist a number of modes of oscillation (fundamentals and overtones) which are interpreted as the atom’s energy states.

Armin Hermann. Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976.

This set of slides is from one of my courses in Computational Chemistry. It covers the one-dimensional solution of the Schrödinger equation using Numerov’s method. The material for this article was mainly taken from the excellent Levin textbook in the reference.
If you are interested in more details, please like it and subscribe to my website. This way, I will be motivated to add more of these contents.

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FORTRAN Programming: A Basic Introduction (PART II)

In college, before video games, we would amuse our- selves by posing programming exercises. One of the favorites was to write the shortest self-reproducing program. Since this is an exercise divorced from reality, the usual vehicle was FORTRAN. Actually, FORTRAN was the language of choice for the same reason that three-legged races are popular.

Ken Thompson, Communications of the ACM. 27 (8), 761–763, 1984.

This is the second part of the basic introductin to FORTRAN programming series.

Control Statements 

Relational operators

Relational operators are used for comparison between variables

< or .lt. : less than 

<= or .le. : less than or equal to 

> or .gt. : greater than 

>= or .ge. :greater than or equal to

== or .eq. : equal to  

/= or .ne. : not equal to

Logical operators

Logical operator are used to perfrom

.and. : Logical multiplication ( and) 

.or. : Logical addition (or) 

.not. : Logical negation (not)

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